indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
honorific/polite/humble prefix
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
opposite side; bottom; rear; back; lining; inside; in the shadows
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
without; unacceptable; not alright; unsatisfactory
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
win; victory; beautiful scenery; scenic spot; counter for wins
expel the barbarians; expulsion of the foreigners; late Edo period (19th century) revolutionary slogan
shade; shadow; behind (something); other side; background; behind the scenes
pine tree (Pinus spp.); highest (of a three-tier ranking system)
flute; fife; pipe; whistle
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
older sister; elder sister
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
member of shogun's council of elders
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!