indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
lively; full of spirit; energetic; healthy; well; fit
boy; son; baby boy; young man
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
peak; summit; ridge; back of a blade
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
Meiji era (1868.9.8-1912.7.30)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
January; first month of the lunar calendar
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
like-mindedness; (being of the) same mind; shared sentiment; comrade; fellow; kindred soul
company; association; regional Chinese god of the earth (or a village built in its honour); counter for companies, shrines, etc.
Ise (former province located in the major part of present-day Mie Prefecture and parts of Aichi and Gifu prefectures); Ise (city)
together with; as X, then Y (e.g. as we age we gain wisdom, as wine matures it becomes more valuable, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
eldest son (may be the only son); first-born son
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
childbirth; (giving) birth; delivery; production (of goods)
small quantity; little; little while; short distance
to be absent; to take a day off; to rest; to have a break; to go to bed; to (lie down to) sleep
had better ...; had better not ...
look!; look out!; hey!; look at me!; there you are!
to cry; to weep; to sob; to howl
perilous pass (on a route or journey); rough spot
high-spirited; cheerful; assertive; vigorous
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
important; serious; valuable; precious; serious matter; major incident
heir; heiress; inheritor; successor
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
another time; again; over again; formally; especially; intentionally
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
foot of a mountain; base of a mountain; mine; colliery; owner of a mountain; operator of a mine