indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
trespassing; intrusion; to barge into; to burst into; to trespass
by means of; due to; because of; according to
stormy weather; tempest; chaps (of skin)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
after that; afterwards; thereafter
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
porcelain bowl; donburi; bowl of meat, fish, etc. served over rice
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
memories; recollections; reminiscence
to be packed (with); to be full (space, schedule, etc.); to be blocked (road, pipe, nose, etc.); to be clogged; to shorten (width, interval, etc.); to shrink (shirt, word form, etc.); to be at a loss
focusing on only the good points or strong points; incorporating the benefits (while ignoring the drawbacks); picking the best of both (everything); cherry-picking (e.g. information)
(committee) chairman; president
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
white stone; white (go pieces)
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
long (distance, length); long (time); protracted; prolonged
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
outside; exterior; the open (air); other place; somewhere else
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to stand; to rise; to find oneself (e.g. in a difficult position); to depart (on a plane, train, etc.)
as it is; as one likes; because; condition; state
honorific/polite/humble prefix
flesh; meat; flesh (of a fruit); pulp; the physical body (as opposed to the spirit); flesh; thickness
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to burn; to roast; to broil; to heat; to heat up; to make (charcoal, pottery, bricks, etc.); to bake
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
so much; so often; oh, yes!; that's it; that's right; quite
generally; mainly; nearly all; almost all; gist; summary; staying within bounds