indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
town; block; street; road; 109.09 m; 0.99 hectares
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
trial; judgement; judgment
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to raise; to raise up; to wake; to wake up; to cause; to bring about; to start
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
cooperation; collaboration
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
second month of the lunar calendar
to help; to assist; to aid; to contribute to; to be a factor in
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
blue; azure; green; green light (traffic); black (horse coat color); blue 5-point card; immature
claim (for compensation); customer complaint seeking compensation; (general) complaint; objection
wherein; therein; thereinto
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
button (clothing); push-button
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
network; Internet; net (hair, netball, etc.); net (price, weight, etc.); nett
scattering; diffusion; spread (e.g. signal across the spectrum)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to mutter; to murmur; to grumble; to tweet (Twitter)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
to advance on; to close in; to march on; to descend on (the enemy); to move towards; to surge forward (crowd, wave of nostalgia, wave, etc.)
hectic; topsy-turvy; chaotic
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work