indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
chirp; twitter; warble; whale tongue
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
line (of text); row; carya (austerities); samskara (formations); semi-cursive style (of writing Chinese characters); running style
cooperation; collaboration
wanted; wished for; in need of; I want (you) to
of course; certainly; naturally
strange; odd; unexpected; change; incident; disturbance
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
almost; roughly; approximately
feeling guilty; having a guilty conscience; having qualms about
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
(one's) inner voice; voice of one's heart; what one really thinks
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
light; illumination; glow; lamp; light
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
electricity; (electric) light
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
to attach; to join; to furnish (a house with); to wear; to put on; to keep a diary; to make an entry
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
or rather (say); or better (say); or perhaps I should say; or, how should I put it; I mean
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to return; to come home; to leave; to get home; to get to home plate
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point