indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
line (of text); row; carya (austerities); samskara (formations); semi-cursive style (of writing Chinese characters); running style
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
light; illumination; glow; lamp; light
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
strange; odd; unexpected; change; incident; disturbance
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?