time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
country in civil war; country disarrayed by war; Warring States period (Japan, China); competiton in which there are several evenly-matched participants; hotly-contested game (match, market, etc.)
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
(present) head of a family
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
to plan; to plot; to attempt (e.g. suicide, murder); to undertake (e.g. business); (arch.) to stand on tip-toes
rebellion; uprising; insurrection; (arch.) treason
charge; grounds; suspicion
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
large country; major nation; great power; province of the highest rank (ritsuryo system)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
life; life force; lifetime; lifespan; most important thing; foundation
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to aim at (with a weapon, etc.); to be after (something or someone); to have an eye on; to aim for; to set up as a goal
body; oneself; one's place; one's position; main part; meat (as opposed to bone, skin, etc.)
furthermore; again; after all; more and more; moreover; even more
pushing back one's opponent while locked in close quarters; having a tendency towards; being close to
chief retainer; daimyo's minister
crane (any bird of the family Gruidae, esp. the red-crowned crane, Grus japonensis)
circle; entirety; whole; money; dough; enclosure inside a castle's walls; soft-shelled turtle
husband; groom; (one's) son-in-law
to go out to meet; to receive; to welcome; to accept (e.g. as a member of a group or family); to call for; to summon
appearing ...; looking ...; way to ...; method of ...ing; form; style
to order; to command; to appoint
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
height; stature; length (esp. of clothing); all (one has); everything; magnificence (of a waka poem, etc.)
what's the matter?; what's wrong?; what happened (to) ...?; what have you done (with) ...?; where is ...?
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
husband; master (of a house, shop, etc.)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
eternity; permanence; perpetuity
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)