Eiroku era (1558.2.28-1570.4.23)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
war; battle; campaign; (arch.) troops; (arch.) forces
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
place; spot; field; discipline; occasion; situation; scene (of a play, movie, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
in order to; for the purpose of; must; should
to herd; to drive; to corner; to force someone into doing; to go hard; to push yourself
to face (each other); to be facing; to be directed toward (the future, etc.); to be in response to; to receive (a client, etc.); to compare with
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to tie; to bind; to bear (fruit); to close (e.g. deal); to confirm; to connect (two distant places); to close tightly
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to take something into ...; to bring in; to lodge (a complaint); to file (a plan); to bring to (a state: tied game, vote, trial, etc.)
appearing ...; looking ...; way to ...; method of ...ing; form; style
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
great numbers (of people); numerical superiority; masses; people; folk; clique
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
assistance; help; aid; support; reinforcement
to want; to wish for; to request; to demand; to seek; to search for
please; somehow or other; one way or another
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to abandon; to fail; to desert; to forsake
to be late; to be delayed; to fall behind (in a race, one's studies, etc.); to lag behind; to be bereaved of; to be preceded by (someone) in death
war; battle; match; game; competition
to avoid (physical contact with); to avoid (situation); to ward off; to avert; to put aside; to move out of the way
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
in that way; thus; so; so?
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
to join hands; to join forces; to work in cooperation; to link up; to partner with
plan; policy; means; fifth principle of the Eight Principles of Yong; right upward flick
to write to; to send word to; to hand over (official business)
to do completely; to do accidentally; to do without meaning to; to happen to do
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up