indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
honorific/polite/humble prefix
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
thin-culmed dwarf bamboo (growing in clusters); Japanese transverse bamboo flute (high-pitched; usu. with seven holes); sliver (strand of loose fibers)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
from the standpoint of; as a matter of (e.g. fact); aboard (a ship or vehicle); on top of; first volume (e.g. book); superior quality; best
to marry (of a woman); to become a bride; to marry into (a family); (arch.) to have sexual intercourse
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to tie; to bind; to bear (fruit); to close (e.g. deal); to confirm; to connect (two distant places); to close tightly
war; battle; campaign; (arch.) troops; (arch.) forces
so; like that; that's right; indeed; let me see...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
feudal lord; (arch.) mansion; (arch.) palace
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...