Keiō era (1865.4.7-1868.9.8)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
January; first month of the lunar calendar
imperial capital (esp. Kyoto); final word of an iroha poem; 10^16; 10,000,000,000,000,000
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to turn toward; to look (up, down, etc.); to face (e.g. east) (of a building, window, etc.); to look out on; to point (of an arrow, compass needle, etc.); to be suited to
to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
splendid horse; promoted bishop
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to visit; to call on; to pay a visit to
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
wife; garnish (esp. one served with sashimi); trimmings; accompaniment; side (remark)
good-value; economical; advantageous (price, deal, etc.); useful; helpful
to do completely; to do accidentally; to do without meaning to; to happen to do
Mr; Mrs; Miss; politeness marker
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
worry; concern; anxiety; care; help; aid
husband; master (of a house, shop, etc.)
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
(some) more; even more; longer; further
to learn; to study; to take lessons in
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
that; the matter in question
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
trouble; bother; annoyance; to be troubled (by); to be bothered (by); to be inconvenienced (by)
to take (a resource, e.g. time or money); to hang; to come into view; to arrive; to come under (a contract, a tax); to start (engines, motors); to attend
to commit seppuku; to commit harakiri; to take responsibility (and resign); (arch.) to laugh until one splits one's side
than; in comparison to; rather than; over; above
myself; yourself; I; me; you
severe; strict; hard (to do); difficult; intense (e.g. cold); harsh (weather)
indicates emphasis, intention, etc.
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
splendid; fine; praiseworthy; creditable; legal; legitimate
honorific/polite/humble prefix
warrior (esp. of military retainers of daimyos in the Edo period); samurai; person with a strong backbone; person that does incredible things; person of considerable talent
to get used to; to grow accustomed to; to become skilled in; to become experienced at; to become tame; to become domesticated
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?