Zizhi Tongjian (Chinese historiographical text, completed in 1084 CE)
buying futures; speculation
annotation; commentary; explanatory note
Jōgan era (859.4.15-877.4.16)
geisha; (arch.) kabuki actor (esp. a young actor); (arch.) someone accomplished in the arts
to be a good match for; to stand a chance against; to be able to compete with; to hold one's own
foreign voyage; travelling overseas; travelling abroad
bright; shining; clear; evident
(articles) imported to Japan by early European traders
Western civilization; Western civilisation
private regulations; bylaws; internal rules; tradition
growth; development; one's early life; upbringing; personal history
exemplar; model; example; pattern
I don't like it; I hate it
rise; improvement; uptrend
aviary; henhouse; chicken house
Genji era (1864.2.20-1865.4.7)
secretive; mysterious; furtive; stealthy; clandestine; sneaky
agreement; concurrence; conformance; compliance
origin; beginning; genesis; primeval; primordial; primitive
elegant; graceful; refined; leisurely; comfortable; easy
opening a port (seaport, airport, etc.); starting operations at a port; opening a port to foreign vessels or trade
maliciousness; ill will; noxious gas; (arch.) (vengeful) ghost; (arch.) specter
shallow; superficial; slight (wound); light (sleep); short (time); early
becoming a lordless samurai
overthrow of the shogunate
China under the Qing dynasty; Qing China; Qing dynasty