Genji era (1864.2.20-1865.4.7)
first year (of an imperial era); year something (important) first happened or began
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
December; twelfth month of the lunar calendar
Chōshū; (former) Nagato Province
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
insurrection; mutiny; rebellion; revolt; uprising
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
conquest; subjugation; overcoming; chastisement; punishment; punitive expedition
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to escape (disaster, death, etc.); to be saved from; to be rescued from; to avoid (e.g. punishment); to evade (e.g. responsibility); to avert
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
shogunate; bakufu; shogun's headquarters; Imperial Guards office; residence of the Imperial Guards commander
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
allegiance; obedience; submission
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
posture; pose; position; attitude; approach; stance
to show; to display; to make (something or someone) look ...; to present an appearance of ...; to make (something) worth watching; to be entertaining; to have (something) looked at (by a specialist)
to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
han (estate of a daimyo in the Edo and early Meiji periods); feudal domain; fief; province
to turn over; to turn upside down; to knock over; to tip over; to overturn (e.g. a decision); to upset
indicates emphasis, intention, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
already; yet; soon; shortly; further; more
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to obey (an order, law, etc.); to abide by (a rule, custom, etc.); to follow (a person); to accompany; to go alongside (e.g. a river); to follow (e.g. a sign)
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you; (arch.) prefix indicating familiarity or contempt
pluralizing suffix; or so; rough indicator of direction, location, amount, etc.; nominalizing suffix
independence; self-reliance; independence (e.g. of a nation); freedom; separation; isolation
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; 's; of
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
to make an enemy (of); to turn (someone) into an enemy; to antagonize
certainly; of course; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); without even; without so much as; at the (least, earliest, etc.)
to fight to the bitter end
adds force to a statement, decision or conclusion; indicates command; (strongly) emphasizes the previous word; adds focus; some- (e.g. something, someone)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to permit; to allow; to forgive; to pardon; to exempt (someone) from; to remit; to acknowledge
there is no way that ...; easy; simple
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
to make (the best) use of; to put to good use; to let live; to keep alive; to revive; to resuscitate
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
reason; cause; meaning; sense; (good) sense; reason
not going (well); not proceeding (as one wishes); bad; not good; hopeless; beyond hope
this time; now; next time; another time; recently; lately