Genji era (1864.2.20-1865.4.7)
first year (of an imperial era); year something (important) first happened or began
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
December; twelfth month of the lunar calendar
head; chief; merit; strong point; superiority; major
state (US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. Canada); continent; (arch.) dear
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
insurrection; mutiny; rebellion; revolt; uprising
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
conquest; subjugation; overcoming; chastisement; punishment; punitive expedition
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to escape (disaster, death, etc.); to be saved from; to be rescued from; to avoid (e.g. punishment); to evade (e.g. responsibility); to avert
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
allegiance; obedience; submission
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
posture; pose; position; attitude; approach; stance
feudal domain (Edo and early Meiji periods, precursor to current prefectures); fiefdom; province
to turn over; to turn upside down; to knock over; to tip over; to overturn (e.g. a decision); to upset
(arch.) indicates emphasis, intention, etc.; indicates emphasis, intention, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to obey (an order, law, etc.); to abide by (a rule, custom, etc.); to follow (a person); to accompany; to go alongside (e.g. a river); to follow (e.g. a sign)
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you; (arch.) prefix indicating familiarity or contempt
independence; self-reliance; independence (e.g. of a nation); freedom; separation; isolation
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
to make an enemy (of); to antagonize
certainly; of course; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); without even; without so much as; at the (least, earliest, etc.)
to fight to the bitter end
adds force or indicates command
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to permit; to allow; to forgive; to pardon; to exempt (someone) from; to remit; to acknowledge
there is no way that ...; easy; simple
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
to make (the best) use of; to put to good use; to let live; to keep alive; to revive; to resuscitate
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
wrong; not good; hopeless; past hope; must not do
this time; now; next time; another time; recently; lately