indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
(arch.) indicates emphasis, intention, etc.; indicates emphasis, intention, etc.
head; chief; merit; strong point; superiority; major
state (US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. Canada); continent; (arch.) dear
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
honorific/polite/humble prefix
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
Satsuma (former province located in the west of present-day Kagoshima Prefecture); sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
Nagasaki (city, prefecture)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
warrior (esp. of military retainers of daimyos in the Edo period); samurai; (arch.) man in attendance (on a person of high standing); (arch.) retainer
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
wrong; not good; hopeless; past hope; must not do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
merchant; trader; tradesman; dealer; shopkeeper
in that way; thus; so; so?
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
Mutsu (former province located in present-day Fukushima, Miyagi, Iwate, and Aomori prefectures)