splendid horse; promoted bishop
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
under (guidance, supervision, rules, the law, etc.); under (a flag, the sun, etc.); beneath; with (e.g. one blow); on (the promise, condition, assumption, etc. that ...); (somebody's) side
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
imprisonment; incarceration
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
news; word; tidings; omen
to reach; to touch; to be delivered; to arrive; to be attentive; to be scrupulous
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Bunkyū era (1861.2.19-1864.2.20)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
September; ninth month of the lunar calendar
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to do completely; to do accidentally; to do without meaning to; to happen to do
August; eighth month of the lunar calendar
eighteenth day of the month; eighteen days
political disturbance; political change; change of government; political upheaval; overthrowing of a government; coup d'état
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
border; boundary; turning point; watershed; area; region
Tosa (former province located in present-day Kochi Prefecture)
feudal domain (Edo and early Meiji periods, precursor to current prefectures); fiefdom; province
inside and outside; interior and exterior; inside and outside the country; home and abroad; around; about
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
oppression; suppression; pressure
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
by means of; due to; because of; according to
expel the barbarians; expulsion of the foreigners; late Edo period (19th century) revolutionary slogan
clique; group; (political) faction; wing; school; sect
remnants; survivors; refugees; pocket (of resistance)
hunting; harvesting (e.g. berries, fruit); picking; gathering
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
person who is ...; thing that is ...
hoop (of a barrel, bucket, etc.)
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
feeling; sensation; preparedness; readiness; thought; sentiment
to press down; to hold down; to pin down; to suppress (feelings, disorder, opposition, etc.); to repress
wholeheartedly; with heart and soul; intently; with undivided attention; with intense concentration; single-mindedly
to study (in depth); to learn; to take lessons in