splendid horse; promoted bishop
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
under (guidance, supervision, rules, the law, etc.); under (a flag, the sun, etc.); beneath; with (e.g. one blow); on (the promise, condition, assumption, etc. that ...); (someone's) side
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
imprisonment; incarceration
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
news; word; tidings; omen; foreboding; premonition
to reach; to touch; to be delivered; to arrive; to be attentive; to be scrupulous
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Bunkyū era (1861.2.19-1864.2.20)
three years; third school year (e.g. of high school)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
September; ninth month of the lunar calendar
end; ending; close; end of (one's) life; death
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to do completely; to do accidentally; to do without meaning to; to happen to do
August; eighth month of the lunar calendar
18th day of the month; 18 days
political disturbance; political change; change of government; political upheaval; overthrowing of a government; coup d'état
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
border; boundary; turning point; watershed; area; region
Tosa (former province located in present-day Kochi Prefecture)
han (estate of a daimyo in the Edo and early Meiji periods); feudal domain; fief; province
inside and outside; interior and exterior; inside and outside the country; home and abroad; around; about
to be (animate); to be; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed; to (have the audacity to) do
loyalty to the Emperor (especially during the late Edo period movement to overthrow the shogunate)
oppression; suppression; pressure
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
shogunate; bakufu; shogun's headquarters; Imperial Guards office; residence of the Imperial Guards commander
by means of; due to; because of; according to
group; faction; (political) faction; wing; school (of thought, painting, etc.); sect
remnants; survivors; refugees; pocket (of resistance)
hunting; hunt; gathering (mushrooms, shellfish, etc.); picking (berries, fruit, etc.); hunting down (a criminal, etc.); rounding up (e.g. communists)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well ...; I think ...
person who is ...; thing that is ...
hoop (of a barrel, bucket, etc.); discipline; solidarity
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
feeling; sensation; preparedness; readiness; thought; sentiment
to press down; to hold down; to pin down; to suppress (feelings, disorder, opposition, etc.); to repress
wholeheartedly; with heart and soul; intently; with undivided attention; with intense concentration; single-mindedly
to learn; to study; to take lessons in