indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
head of family; originator
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
emperor; shogun; honored person (honoured); (another person's) wife
directly; in person; firsthand
offering an opinion (to a superior, the government, etc.); proposal; suggestion; advice
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
to reach; to touch; to be delivered; to arrive; to be attentive; to be scrupulous
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
field; plain; prairie; tundra; moor; wilderness
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
honorific/polite/humble prefix
long (time that has passed); old (story)
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
feudal lord; (arch.) mansion; (arch.) palace
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to pass (time); to spend; to overdo (esp. of one's alcohol consumption); to drink (alcohol); (arch.) to take care of; (arch.) to support
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
you (when referring to one's equals or inferiors)
to summon; to call (e.g. phone); to convene; to invoke (e.g. subroutine); to call; to open (e.g. a file)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
like this; this sort; this way
questions and answers; dialogue