indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
from now on; after this; in the future; from here; from this point
drumming (noise); beating; rapidly; quickly; continuously; one after the other
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to face; to go towards; to head towards
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
the future (usually distant); future tense; the world to come
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
tightly (holding on); firmly; strongly (built); solidly; properly; well
argument; discussion; dispute; controversy
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
to raise; to rear; to train; to teach; to promote the growth of; to nurture
wanted; wished for; in need of; I want (you) to
promise; agreement; convention; rule; destiny; fate
yes?; no?; isn't it?; is it?
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
thank you; thanks; much (thanks); very (sorry); quite; really; somehow
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
member of an assembly; member of the Diet; member of parliament; member of Congress
matter; affair; counter for (received) emails, text messages, voicemail messages, etc.; counter for accounts (on a website, email service, etc.)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
story; tale; talk; discussion
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
good; OK; all right; fine; very well; will do
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
person's origin (e.g. city, country, parentage, school)
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material