indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
period; epoch; the times; those days; oldness; ancientness
my; one's own; I ...; one ...
arm; skill; efforts; ability
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to make one's way in the world; to earn one's living; to live
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
wandering samurai; soldier of fortune; brigand; mountain-dwelling robber
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
present age; present day; today; modern era; modern times
haze (esp. in spring); mist; dimness (of sight)
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
one game (of go, shogi, etc.); one board (go, shogi, etc.); one office (of a broadcasting station, post office, etc.)
extra; more; unnecessary; needless; all the more; even more
retirement age; (arch.) years of service in a military rank before eligibility for promotion
for the first time; only after ... is it ...; only when ... do you ...; first time; (one's) first
companion; fellow; group; company; member of the same category (family, class)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to visit; to call on; to pay a visit to
a long time (since the last time); first in a long time
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
existing (at the present moment); alright; acceptable; to be (usu. of inanimate objects); to have
just (now); quite (near); unintentionally; subconsciously
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
hah (derisively); pooh; pfft (of something disappearing); poof; huff; puff
heh-heh; hee-hee; ha ha; (arch.) female genitals; (arch.) vagina; (arch.) vulva
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
aaah!; oooh!; oh no!; oh boy!