indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
proprietress (of a traditional Japanese inn or restaurant); landlady; hostess; mistress
wandering samurai; soldier of fortune; brigand; mountain-dwelling robber
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
skillful; skilful; delicious; appetizing; fortunate; splendid
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
horse mackerel (Carangidae spp., esp. the Japanese horse mackerel, Trachurus japonicus); jack mackerel; pompano; scad
honorific/polite/humble prefix
please; kindly; by all means; certainly; here you are; to give
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
another helping; second helping; seconds; command to have dog place its second paw in one's hand
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
to eat; to live; to make a living; to bite; to sting (as insects do); to tease; to torment
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
flavor; flavour; charm; appeal; experience; taste (e.g. of victory)
shopkeeper; storekeeper; proprietor of a shop
pension; guesthouse; bed and breakfast; private home providing lodging for travelers (travellers)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
in that way; thus; so; so?
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)