indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
jujube (Ziziphus jujube); Chinese date; red date; small tea caddy (tea ceremony)
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
ordinary verse of a renga (i.e. not the first three verses or the last verse)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
it serves you (him) right; it's what you (he) deserves
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
tune; tone; vein; mood; condition; state of health
to get on (train, plane, bus, ship, etc.); to get in; to get on (e.g. a footstool); to step on; to reach; to go over; to follow
to soar; to fly high; to be whirled up; to make merry; to be ecstatic; to be in high spirits
performer; entertainer; celebrity
to be affected; to put on airs; to act like (something one isn't); to pretend to be
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
to be packed (with); to be full (space, schedule, etc.); to be blocked (road, pipe, nose, etc.); to be clogged; to shorten (width, interval, etc.); to shrink (shirt, word form, etc.); to be at a loss
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
foolish; idiotic; stupid; ridiculous; absurd
I, myself; one-self; by one-self; even I; even one
disagreeable; detestable; unpleasant; reluctant
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
mobile telephone; cellular telephone
vibration; vibrato; trill
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
anyhow; in any case; at any rate; at best; at most
leaving the mound; being knocked out; resignation; stepping down; withdrawing
contacting; (making) contact; connection (with a train, bus, etc.); joining (a railway line, etc.); connection (between matters, incidents, etc.); relation
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
that sort of; that kind of; like that; such; so
role; assignment; position (of responsibility); post; part (in a play, film, etc.); role
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
myself; yourself; I; me; you
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)