indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
murder; homicide; manslaughter
to face on; to look out on to
everyone; anyone; no one; nobody
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
disposal; abandonment; scrapping; annulment; cancellation; abrogation
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
older brother; elder brother; brother (as older-brother figure in friendly and or work relationship); young man; buddy
to examine; to look up; to investigate; to check up; to sense; to study
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
point; tip; head (of a line); front; first; before; (the way) ahead
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
by means of; due to; because of; according to
correspondence; communication; transmission; news; signal; telecommunications
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
not less than; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; above-mentioned; aforementioned
speed; velocity; pace; velocity
if it is the case that ...
to cross over; to cross; to pass through; to exceed; to surpass; to be more (than)
coming and going; keeping in touch; visiting each other; street traffic; highway
possible; potential; practicable; feasible
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
contents; interior; substance; content; (sword) blade
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as