cherry tree; cherry blossom; fake buyer; paid audience; hired applauder; horse meat
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to tear; to rip up; to cut up; to cleave; to forcibly separate (e.g. two lovers); to spare (time, money, etc.)
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
never mind that; don't worry about that; listen up
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
university; college; former central university of Kyoto (established under the ritsuryo system for the training of government administrators); the Great Learning (one of the Four Books)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to put in; to let in; to admit; to accept; to accept; to comply; to include
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
unexpectedly; surprisingly
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
job; work; duties; trade; skill
to jump at; to be attracted by
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
test; trial; probation; ordeal; tribulation
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
every day; daily; day after day; days (e.g. good old days)
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to work; to labor; to function; to operate; to commit (e.g. a crime); to perpetrate
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
cute; adorable; dear; precious; innocent; childlike
junior (at work, school, etc.); younger people; younger student
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
suffix for familiar person
to be surprised; to be astonished
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
Middle Ages (in Japan esp. the Kamakura and Muromachi periods); medieval times; mediaeval times
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
part; portion; amount; worth (as in "two days' worth"); one's means; one's place; one's duty
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)