indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
journal; magazine; periodical
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
contribution (e.g. to newspaper)
to lurk; to be hidden; to be concealed; to lie dormant; to be latent
growth; development; growing up; growth (of a company, the economy, etc.)
strength; power; proficiency; ability
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
high; tall; expensive; high-priced; high (level); above average (in degree, quality, etc.)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to raise; to bring to (someone's attention); to appeal to (reason, emotions, etc.); to work on (one's emotions); to complain; to sue (a person)
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to talk about; to speak of; to recite; to chant; to indicate; to show
a verse (e.g. in the Bible); stanza; paragraph; passage; a joint; section
already; now; no longer; not any more
postwar period; period after Second World War
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
(starting) from nothing; from scratch
post-war recovery; post-war reconstruction
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be attached; to be connected with; to remain imprinted; to scar; to bear (fruit, interest, etc.); to be acquired (of a habit, ability, etc.); to increase (of strength, etc.)
time; season; period; phase; stage
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
until now; so far; up to the present
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
expectation; anticipation; hope; promising; rising; up-and-coming
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
meaning; significance; sense
at that time; in those days
Economic Planning Agency (defunct as of 2001)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
drawing up (e.g. legal document, contract, will, etc.); preparing; writing; framing; making; producing
to engage in; to participate in; to take part in; to be involved in
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
rapid economic growth (esp. that of Japan in the post-WWII period)
argument; discussion; theory (e.g. of evolution); doctrine; essay; treatise