indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
shaking; shake; unsettledness; instability; existence of multiple spellings, pronunciations, usages, etc. for a single word
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
by means of; due to; because of; according to
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
elevator; lift; elevator (aviation)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
observation; survey; measurement; opinion; prediction; thinking
deep; profound; dense; thick; close (relationship); intense; strong
strong; potent; strong; brawny; good (at); skilled; being able to handle
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
storey; story; stairs; stage (in chronostratigraphy); counter for storeys and floors of a building
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
honorific/polite/humble prefix
below; down; bottom; beneath; underneath; just after; right after
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
to convey; to report; to transmit; to communicate; to tell; to impart
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo