time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Bakumatsu period; closing days of the Tokugawa shogunate; end of the Edo period
once; before; formerly; never yet; never before; first time
three generations; three periods; third generation
Tokugawa Iemitsu (1604.8.12-1651.6.8), Shougun 1623-1651
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to decide; to determine; to establish; to lay down; to bring peace (to); to make peaceful
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
daimyo's alternating Edo residence; official attendance service (by a daimyo in the Edo period)
system; institution; organization; organisation
various countries; various regions; various provinces
daimyo (Japanese feudal lord)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
public finance; financial affairs; financial situation
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
pressure; oppression; suppression
to continue; to keep up; to keep on
to advance; to go forward; to precede; to go ahead (of); to make progress; to improve; to deepen
period; epoch; the times; those days; oldness; ancientness
Bunkyū era (1861.2.19-1864.2.20)
first year (of an imperial era); year something (important) first happened or began
early summer; fourth month of the lunar calendar
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
Mino (former province located in the south of present-day Gifu Prefecture)
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
district; county; district (of 2-20 50-home neighbourhoods or townships, in the ritsuryo period)
territory; domain; dominion; possession; sphere of action
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
shogunal vassal; direct retainer of a shogun
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
fixed date; settlement date
to approach; to draw near; to be imminent; to press (someone for something); to urge; to compel
wherein; therein; thereinto
Edo (shogunate capital, now Tokyo); Yedo
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
one's home; hometown; native place; birthplace
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to run to; to come running; to rush (someplace); to hasten
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
conduct of business; management; acting as agent (of a land owner, house owner, etc.); being in charge (of a house, etc.)