time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Bakumatsu period; closing days of the Tokugawa shogunate; end of the Edo period
once; before; formerly; never yet; never before; first time
three generations; three periods; third generation
Tokugawa Iemitsu (1604.8.12-1651.6.8), Shougun 1623-1651
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to decide; to determine; to establish; to lay down; to bring peace (to); to make peaceful
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
daimyo's alternating Edo residence; official attendance service (by a daimyo in the Edo period)
system; institution; organization; organisation
various countries; various regions; various provinces
daimyo (Japanese feudal lord)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
public finance; financial affairs; financial situation
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
pressure; oppression; suppression
to continue; to keep up; to keep on; to continue ...; to keep on ...
to advance (spatially); to go forward; to precede; to go ahead (of); to make progress; to move ahead (e.g. of work); to intensify
period; epoch; the times; those days; oldness; ancientness
Bunkyū era (1861.2.19-1864.2.20)
first year (of an imperial era); year something (important) first happened or began
early summer; fourth month of the lunar calendar
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
Mino (former province located in the south of present-day Gifu Prefecture)
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); province (of Japan)
district; county; district (of 2-20 50-home neighbourhoods or townships, in the ritsuryō period); commandery (in China)
territory; domain; dominion; possession; sphere of action
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
headquarters (on the battlefield); direct retainer of a shogun (Edo period); shogunal vassal; hatamoto
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
fixed date; appointed date; set date; deadline; due date
to approach; to draw near; to be imminent; to press (someone for something); to urge; to compel
wherein; therein; thereinto
Edo (shogunate capital; former name of Tokyo); Yedo
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
one's home; hometown; native place; birthplace
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to run to; to come running; to rush (someplace); to hasten
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
conduct of business; management; acting as agent (of a land owner, house owner, etc.); being in charge (of a house, etc.)