indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
straight; directly; voyage; journey; straight road
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
feudal lord; (arch.) mansion; (arch.) palace
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
Edo (shogunate capital, now Tokyo); Yedo
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
you (when referring to one's equals or inferiors)
adds force or indicates command
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
daimyo's alternating Edo residence; official attendance service (by a daimyo in the Edo period)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to go; to come; to be defeated; to collapse; to be annoyed; to be nonplussed
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
companion; follower; attendant; retinue
top of ...; head of ...; the moment that ...
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance