creator (of a work); author; writer; artist; composer; playwright
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
we; us; (arch.) I; (arch.) me; (arch.) you (referring to a group of one's equals or inferiors)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Japan; the (Japanese) empire
in this way; thus; such; uh...
period of time (usu. a period of approx. two hours corresponding to one of the signs of the Chinese zodiac); carving; engraving; victory; strictness; cruelty
3000; three thousand; many
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
implementation (e.g. of a system); materialization; materialisation; realization; realisation; actualization
while; even though; despite
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
isn't it?; let's ...; why don't we ...; how about we ...
great; grand; magnificent; outstanding; mighty
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
every month; monthly; month by month
Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday
gold (Au); golden (color); valuable; of highest value; money; gold coin; Friday
effort; exertion; endeavour; endeavor; hard work; striving
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
reality; actuality; hard fact
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to lose (something); to mislay; to get rid of; to eliminate; to remove
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
progress; advance; improvement; development
genius; prodigy; natural gift
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to bear; to carry on one's back; to take responsibility for; to accept a duty; to receive (wound); to incur (damage)
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
how; in what way; how (much); to what extent; however (much); no matter how
great (quantity, amount, etc.); huge; enormous; serious
every (usu. with events, e.g. every weekend); each
counter for flat objects (e.g. sheets of paper); (arch.) counter for positions or roles; (arch.) counter for food portions (now only gyōza and soba); counter for ranking level
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
proof; testimony; demonstration; verification; certification
going ahead; going first; preceding; coming before; scoring first; getting off to a lead