indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
one night; all night; overnight; one evening
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
thousands; several thousand
counter for birds, rabbits, etc.
turkey (Meleagris gallopavo)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to tie; to fasten; to wear (necktie, belt); to put on; to total; to sum; to be strict with
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
eve (esp. Christmas Eve); the night before
incident; affair; happening; event
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
biggest; greatest; largest; maximum
to be needed; to be wanted
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
area; zone; (lit.) belt (of land)
light; right; right field; right fielder
some; several; many; how many; how much; very
10,000; ten thousand; myriad; everything; all; (arch.) various
passage (of people, traffic); passing; common usage
person; -er; (arch.) expert; (arch.) geisha; (arch.) prostitute
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
five colors (usu. red, blue, yellow, white and black); five colours; many kinds; varied; melon; gourd
to dye; to colour; to color
street; quarter; district; area
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
(a) step; one step; level; stage; small degree; small amount
opposite side; bottom; rear; back; lining; inside; in the shadows
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
Metropolis (of Tokyo); (Tokyo) Metropolitan District; counter for cities and towns; capital
to lie down; to stretch out; to lie ahead (of danger, difficulty, etc.); to lie in wait
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis