first; firstly; first of all; Introduction; Preface
expert; learned person; doctor; PhD; instructor at the imperial court (ritsuryo period); pitch and length marks (to accompany a Buddhist liturgical chant, etc.)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to leave; to go away; to pass; to elapse; to be distant; to send away; to drive off
from the standpoint of; as a matter of (e.g. fact); aboard (a ship or vehicle); on top of; first volume (e.g. book); superior quality; best
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
in; at; on; as for; regarding; with regards to
particularly; especially; in particular; expressly
overlooking; turning a blind eye
(those) who are; (that) which is; in the capacity of
to forget; to leave carelessly; to be forgetful of; to forget about; to forget (an article)
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
once; one time; temporarily; for a moment; one degree; one tone
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
to be separated; to be apart; to leave; to go away; to leave (a job, etc.); to quit
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
world; society; life; lifetime; age; era; reign
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
draw (in go, poetry contest, etc.); tie
accompaniment for traditional performances (noh, kabuki, etc.); orchestra; band
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
already; now; by this time; quick; early; fast
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
should; must; -able; probably; likely
contents; content; substance; matter; detail; import