spring; springtime; New Year; prime (of life); height (of one's prosperity); adolescence
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
guest; visitor; customer; client; counter for containers used to entertain guests
Eiroku era (1558.2.28-1570.4.23)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
New Year (esp. first three days); first month of the year; January
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
20 years old; (arch.) twenty
New Year's Day; New Year's morning; morning of New Year's Day
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to go out to meet; to receive; to welcome; to accept (e.g. as a member of a group or family); to call for; to summon
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
capture; seizure; military capture of a foreign vessel; making a prize of
dark; gloomy; depressed; dispirited; dark (in colour); dull; ill-boding
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
water (esp. cool, fresh water, e.g. drinking water); fluid (esp. in an animal tissue); liquid; flood; floodwaters; water offered to wrestlers just prior to a bout
body; oneself; one's place; one's position; main part; meat (as opposed to bone, skin, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
consequence; outcome; result; blame
on the contrary; rather; all the more; instead
warm; mild; warm (of a colour); mellow; having enough money
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to rise up (e.g. pillar of smoke); to go up
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to draw (water, etc.); to scoop up; to pump up; to draw on (ideas) (from subordinates, the public, etc.); to take into account; to adopt
while; during (the time when)
pail (for water); bucket; cistern; water tank
to freeze to; to be frozen to; to freeze in place; to be still
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!