preface; foreword; preamble
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
Japanese person; Japanese people
how; in what way; how about
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to cross over; to go across; to extend; to cover; to range
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
book title; heading; topic; subject; Nichiren Buddhist chant
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
impressions; thoughts; feelings; opinions
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
announcement; publication; presenting; statement; communique; making known
(for something) to have occurred; to have done (something); (for something) to happen on occasion
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
direction; way; person; lady; method of; manner of; care of ...
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
(sea) voyage; navigation; sailing; passage; cruise
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be separated; to be apart; to leave; to go away; to leave (a job, etc.); to quit
wherein; therein; thereinto
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
by all means; at all costs; absolutely
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to state; to express; to mention
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
Okinawa (city, prefecture)
to line up; to put in a row; to add (to a group); to accept (as a member of an organization, etc.); to link; to put together
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work