indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
indicates reason or excuse; indicates dissatisfaction; indicates desire to be pampered or indulged
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
long (distance, length); long (time); protracted; prolonged
war; fighting; fierce competition
to hold between (e.g. one's fingers, chopsticks); to grip (from both sides); to put between; to sandwich between; to catch (e.g. a finger in a door); to trap; to insert (e.g. a break into proceedings)
circle; entirety; whole; money; dough; enclosure inside a castle's walls; soft-shelled turtle
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
class; order; et cetera; etc.; equal; iso-
will; resolution; kindness; goodwill; gift (as a token of gratitude)
skillful; skilful; adroit; clever; shrewd; ingenious
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
equal; identical; the same; no different (to); just like; equivalent
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
to end; to be finished; to die; to perish; to do utterly; to do completely
motherland; fatherland; native country
earth; soil; the earth (historically, esp. as opposed to the heavens); the ground; low-quality torinoko-gami (containing mud); (period of) refraining from construction in the direction of the god of the earth (in Onmyōdō)
to step on; to tread on; to set foot on (e.g. foreign soil); to stand on; to experience; to undergo; to follow (rules, principles, etc.)
vague; obscure; indistinct; hazy; ambiguous
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
father and mother; parents
siblings; brothers and sisters; brothers; siblings-in-law; brothers-in-law; mate
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
without change; as is; just like; extremely similar; immediately; just after
ago; since; before; previous
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
expectation; anticipation; hope; promising; rising; up-and-coming
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
nature; natural; spontaneous; naturally; spontaneously
means of making contact; intermediary; go-between; connections; influence; pull
train (esp. long distance train); steam train
to continue; to keep up; to keep on
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
on the way; en route; in the middle of; midway; halfway