order; ordering; beginning; start; foreword; preface
difference (of opinion); strange; odd; different
excerpt; extract; annotation; shō (unit of volume, approx. 1.8 ml); (arch.) banknote; (arch.) paper money
unit; denomination; credit (in school); in units of (e.g. "in thousands"); in amounts of
smallness; small item; short month (i.e. having fewer than 31 days); elementary school; smaller (of two things, places, etc. with the same name); inferior; younger (of two people with the same name)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
singing of insects (esp. in autumn); sound of insects
I; me; personal (affairs, etc.); private; selfishness; partiality
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
old; former; the old; old things; old times; bygone days
used item; secondhand item; old; used; previous
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
poor-quality; shoddy; unskillful; inexpert; unlucky
first (of all); firstly; probably; most likely; more or less (satisfactory); on the whole
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
section (i.e. of text); sentence; phrase; verse (of 5 or 7 mora in Japanese poetry; of 4, 5, or 7 characters in Chinese poetry); haiku; first 17 morae of a renga, etc.
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
every month; trite; commonplace; conventional
to run away (e.g. from work); to escape; to hide; to end a round with less than 20 points
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
myself; yourself; I; me; you
speculation; thinking; meditation
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
vague; faint; dim; indistinct; hazy; blurry
while; during; while; although; all; both
Shinran (founder of the Jōdo Shinshū sect of Buddhism, 1173-1262)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
flavor; flavour; charm; appeal; experience; taste (e.g. of victory)
solution (of an equation, inequality, etc.); root (e.g. of a polynomial); solution (to a given problem); answer; explanation; interpretation
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
confession; acknowledgement; confession of love; professing one's feelings; confession of sins (e.g. the confessional)
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
idle complaint; grumble; moha (ignorance, folly)