cast-off skin (snake, insect, etc.); husk; empty shell; exuvia; exuviae
person that annoys or causes trouble; false alarm
Shikoku (smallest of the four main islands of Japan)
Ōsumi (former province located in the east of present-day Kagoshima Prefecture, including the Amami Islands)
to be unable to; to find difficult (unpleasant, awkward, painful) to do; to serve two or more functions or roles simultaneously; to contain (or combine) two or more features; to work in two or more jobs simultaneously (positions, etc.); to do alongside
to own; to receive; to understand
Kagoshima (city, prefecture)
10,000; ten thousand; myriad; everything; all; (arch.) various
800; eight hundred; multitude; large number
counter for jewels in a watch; counter for transistors, diodes, etc. in an electronic product
house (e.g. of Tokugawa); family
to be widely known; to be famous
gatekeeper; door guard; doorman; concierge; janitor
mischief-maker; trickster; (arch.) lascivious person (esp. a loose woman); (arch.) useless fellow; (arch.) mouse; (arch.) rat
disposal; throwing away; dealing with (a problem); measure; punishment; penalty
unexpectedly; surprisingly; unexpected; unanticipated; unforeseen
easily; readily; with ease; without trouble
to inhale; to breathe in; to suck up; to absorb; to soak up
man (esp. one who is well-respected); samurai; person (in a certain profession, esp. licensed); member
just because; even if; even though
always; without exception; necessarily; certainly; without fail; positively
state (US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. Canada); continent; (arch.) dear
these days; nowadays; now; at present; recently; lately
shyness; fear of strangers; stranger anxiety
account book; register; ledger
to furnish with; to equip with; to prepare for; to make preparations for; to possess (all that is needed); to be endowed with
beginning (of a book, magazine, etc.); opening page; beginning (of a matter); start
writing brush; paintbrush; writing with a brush; drawing with a brush; writing (composing text); the written word
good handwriting; skillful penmanship; speedy writing; vigorous writing
revere the Emperor; expel the western barbarians (19th century slogan)
main meaning; opinion; idea; aim; motive; gist
approval; agreement; support; favour; favor
to refuse; to reject; to decline; to prevent (from doing); to deny (e.g. access); to block
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
various countries; various regions; various provinces
imperial loyalist samurai of the Bakumatsu-era; patriots; idealists willing to sacrifice themselves for the good of the nation
song lyrics; words of a song; libretto
heel (of foot, shoe, stocking, etc.)
to succeed (a person, to a position, etc.); to inherit; to patch (clothes); to mend; to add (e.g. charcoal to the fire); to replenish with