Western Europe; the West; the Occident; Europe
comparatively; relatively
diffusion; spread; popularization; promulgation; familiarization
cheers; applause; ovation; acclamation
to win; to gain; to earn; to spread (one's name, etc.)
outdoors; outside; open air; fields; outskirts; suburbs
songs with samisen accompaniment; musical performance
substitute; replacement; stand-in; proxy; compensation; exchange
sweetness and bitterness; joys and sorrows
tiqin (2 or 4-stringed Chinese instrument played with a bow); violin
each; (arch.) you (plural)
difference; discrepancy; variation
the East; the Orient; (East) Asia; Japan
equation; formula; ceremony; style; (arch.) enforcement regulations (of the ritsuryo)
drenched with sweat; sweaty all over
learning; scholarship; study; study of ...; -ology; -ics
collision; crash; running into; conflict; quarrel; clashing
the ninth; Beethoven's Ninth Symphony
to rendezvous; to meet at a prearranged place and time; to arrange to meet
finish; completion; the end
to make narrower; to shut (an umbrella); to shrug (one's shoulders); to purse (one's lips)
grave; solemn; serious; harsh (e.g. truth); hard; strict
outsider's perspective; as seen by an observer
looking aside; (from the) eyes of an onlooker
quickly; at once; right away; hurriedly
to go too far; to go past; to go to extremes; to overdo it
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to wear extra clothes; to dress formally
order; sequence; procedure
to encamp; to take up positions
curtain raising; starting (e.g. play, concert)
program (of events, music, etc.); programme; program (booklet); brochure; (computer) program; programming
disagreement; conflict; clash; discrepancy; inconsistency
to disappear; to cause to disappear; to get rid of; (of time) to pass; to while away
redecoration; remodelling; remodeling; refurbishment