serious; not joking; straight
sentence-ending particle expressing doubt
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
institution; establishment; facility; home (for elderly, orphans, etc.)
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
living; life (one's daily existence); livelihood
tree; shrub; bush; wood; timber
practice field; training ground; driving range; practice hall; rehearsal space
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
person in charge (including a supervisory role for other staff); person responsible for ...; responsible party; supervisor; manager
department (in an organization); division; club; part; component; category
supervision; control; superintendence; director; superintendent; supervisor
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
island; one's territory (e.g. of a sex worker, organized crime gang); one's turf
class (of students); group (of people); party; lot; bunch; crime family; organized-crime syndicate
with the exception of; excepting; excluding
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
be supposed or expected to (do); be sure to (do); ought to (do)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
when it comes to ...; where ... is concerned; if it's the case that ...; if it turns out that ...; if it's true that ...
regular; regular member (e.g. of football team, etc.); regular (petrol, gasoline)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
many; numerous; large amount of; large quantity of; frequent; common