year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
spring; springtime; New Year; prime (of life); height (of one's prosperity); adolescence
sky; the skies; high-altitude sky; upper air
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
suddenly; all of a sudden
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
appearance; arrival; make one's appearance
to fight against; to oppose; to face
in order to; for the purpose of; must; should
land east of China; Japan
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
good; excellent; fine; nice; pleasant; agreeable
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
slope; incline; hill; milestone; (age) mark
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
waterway; channel; wake (of a ship)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
together; jointly; at the same time; with; both
to face; to go towards; to head towards
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
after (practically) no time; immediately after; just; having no time to
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
to appear; to come in sight; to become visible; to be expressed (e.g. emotions); to become apparent (e.g. trends, effects)
to rush on; to attack; to swoop down on
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
confirmation; verification; validation; review; check; affirmation
approximately; about; promise; appointment; shortening; reduction
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement