indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
how many years; how long; what year
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
savage (barbaric) land; backward region; undeveloped area
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
development; exploitation
profit; gains; benefit; advantage; grace (of God, Buddha, etc.) (esp. as attained through rightful actions, prayer, adherence to one's faith, etc.); blessing
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
no matter how much time passes
to advance; to go forward; to precede; to go ahead (of); to make progress; to improve; to deepen
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
for generations; hereditary; generation after generation
mediocre; ordinary; commonplace; banal
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
moreover; furthermore; nevertheless; and yet
next term; next period; next version; next release
he; she; that person; that; that one; that thing
to exceed; to be even more (so); to exaggerate
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
contents; interior; substance; content; (sword) blade
waste; scrap; garbage; scum; piece of trash; loser
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to be at wits' end; to be greatly perplexed; to be troubled
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
to appear; to come in sight; to become visible; to be expressed (e.g. emotions); to become apparent (e.g. trends, effects)
Buddhist priest; bonze; close-cropped hair; crew cut; boy; sonny
natural; right; proper; naturally; as a matter of course; rightly
alternation; change; relief; relay; shift; substitution (sports, etc.)
to desire; to wish for; to expect; to see; to command (a view of)