hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to work (for); to be employed (at); to serve (as); to act (as); to conduct a religious service
thank you for your hard work; I appreciate your efforts
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
this world; this life; the free world (outside of prison, the army, red light district, etc.); this corrupt world; present world
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
air; atmosphere; mood; situation; someone with no presence; someone who doesn't stand out at all
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
a long time (since the last time); first in a long time
elder sister; effeminate man
lively; full of spirit; energetic; healthy; well; fit
perhaps; probably; generous; many; much
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
is that so? (generally rhetorical)
now; the present time; just now; another; more
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
young bird; chick; fledgling; hina doll; doll displayed during the Girls' Festival
hag; witch; bitch; penurious or spiteful old woman; termagant; virago
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
was it?; I think it was ...; if I've got it right; (I, we) used to ...; I remember ...; it was ...
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
educational institution; school; academy; campus
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
the same; the said; likewise
time; season; period; phase; stage
head house (family); birthplace; originator
to move (house); to transfer (department); to change the target of interest or concern; to elapse (passage of time); to be permeated by a colour or scent; to be infected
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
hmm; well ...; humph; roughly; harshly; violently
identical (of twins); monozygotic; unioval; uniovular
anything and everything; from top to toe; from A to Z
copy; photocopy; blurb on a book jacket; catch copy
far; distant; distant (past); remote (in time); distant (relationship or kinship); having little to do (with someone); far (from something else in quality, degree, etc.)