indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
living by oneself; living alone
apartment building; apartment block; apartment house; apartment
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
spring water; clear (pure) water
to pull; to tug; to draw (attention, sympathy, etc.); to attract (e.g. interest); to draw back (e.g. one's hand); to draw in (one's chin, stomach, etc.); to draw (a card, mahjong tile, etc.)
hardware store; DIY store; home improvement retailer
to finish; to end; to merely result in something less severe than expected; to feel at ease; to feel unease or guilt for troubling someone; to be sorry
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
small quantity; little; little while; short distance
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
what's the matter?; what's wrong?; what happened (to) ...?; what have you done (with) ...?; where is ...?
somewhere (very vague); someplace (very vague)
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
I wonder; do you think?; I might; some kind; some stage; somehow
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
wanted; wished for; in need of; I want (you) to
tissue paper; tissue; facial tissue; facial tissues
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
box; case; car (of a train, etc.); shamisen case; shamisen; public building; community building
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to be saved; to be rescued; to escape harm; to be spared damage; to be helped; to be saved trouble
adds force or indicates command
maid; helper; help; assistance
great; excellent; very troublesome; awful; tiring; tough
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
everything; anything; nothing
beginning; start; first (in line, etc.); origin; such as ...; not to mention ...
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
will; probably; may; I think; surely; I hope