near; neighbourhood; nearly (e.g. "it took nearly one year"); close to; shortly; soon
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
seeming to be; appearing to be; like; similar to; in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
prefix for forming ordinal numbers
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
company; lot; bunch; troupe; company (of musicians)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
as one would expect; naturally; indeed; still; all the same; after all
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to advance; to move forward; to carry forward (plans, work, etc.); to proceed with; to raise; to elevate
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
as is; as it is; as things are; like this; this way; at this rate
to give up; to abandon (hope, plans); to resign oneself (to)
to return; to come home; to leave; to get home; to get to home plate
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
direction; district; area; field (e.g. of study); sphere; quarter
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
be supposed or expected to (do); be sure to (do); ought to (do)
to take (someone) by surprise; to do something unexpected
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
ten; 10; ten years of age
win; victory; beautiful scenery; scenic spot; counter for wins
pursuer; pursuing party; posse
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to wind; to coil; to envelope; to shroud; to outflank; to skirt
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
counter for birds, rabbits, etc.
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to lose sight of (one's companions); to stray from; to miss (one's chance to ...)
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise