understood; I see; OK; present; here
from now; from the present moment; from this time forward; henceforth
sharing; division; draw; tie
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
announcement; publication; presenting; statement; communique; making known
from now on; after this; in the future; from here; from this point
taking an examination (esp. school and university entrance)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
genuine; real; full-scale; full-blown; full-fledged; professional
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
five; five years of age; eight o'clock (old time system)
to divide (into); to split (into); to share; to distribute; to distinguish; to discriminate; to break up (a fight)
system; organization; organisation; imperial command; laws; regulation
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
guidance; leadership; instruction; shido (disciplinary action for a minor infringement of the rules of judo)
to change; to exchange; to convert; to renew; to throw a switch; to replace
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
B class; B grade; second rate
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
storey; story; stairs; stage (in chronostratigraphy); counter for storeys and floors of a building
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
after all; in the end; conclusion; end; end of a game of go, shogi, etc.
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
(not) even once; (not) ever
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
and yet; though; when; in spite of
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
same; identical; equal; anyway; anyhow; in either case
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah