indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
heat; fever; temperature; zeal; passion
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to come down; to go down; to hang; to dangle; to move back; to step back; to deteriorate
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
breath; breathing; concord; harmony; steam (coming off hot food, tea, etc.); (water) vapor
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
painful; difficult; distressing; (psychologically) difficult; straitened (circumstances); tight (financial situation)
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
as is; as it is; as things are; like this; this way; at this rate
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
please; if you would; somehow or other; one way or another; whether (or not); if
request; favour (to ask); wish; please
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
how; in what way; how about
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
noisy; boisterous; turbulent (era, etc.); troubled
adds force to a statement, decision or conclusion; indicates command; (strongly) emphasizes the previous word; adds focus; some- (e.g. something, someone)
husband; master (of a house, shop, etc.)
illness; disease; bad habit; weakness; fault
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to have (an injury, person, etc.) looked at (by a doctor); to take (someone) to a doctor
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
daughter; girl (i.e. a young, unmarried woman)
marriage ceremony; wedding; nuptials
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that ...
to be (animate); to be; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed; to (have the audacity to) do
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
honorific/polite/humble prefix
doctor chiefly responsible for a patient's care; doctor in charge (of a patient); attending physician; (one's) primary care physician; family doctor; general practitioner
you; before (a god, nobleman, etc.); in front of
salary; pay; medical care; treatment; advance preparation
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that