junior high school; middle school; lower secondary school
second-year student; second-year pupil; biennial; biennial plant
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
honorific/polite/humble prefix
salary; pay; medical care; treatment; advance preparation
apprenticeship; probation; learning by observation; apprentice; trainee; probationer
soon; shortly; before long; nearly; almost
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
shelf; ledge; rack; trellis
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
one cup (of); one glass (of); one drink (of alcohol); full; filled (with); fully; to capacity
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
Mr; Mrs; Miss; politeness marker
so; like this; in this way; this much; to this extent
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
eternity; perpetuity; permanence; immortality
large tree; big tree; huge tree
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
tree; shrub; wood; timber; wooden clappers (signalling the beginning or end of a performance)
below; down; bottom; beneath; underneath; just after; right after
friendship; fellowship; camaraderie
near; close; close (in time); soon; close (relationship); friendly
to come together; to merge; to fit; to match; to be profitable; to be equitable
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
legend; folklore; tradition
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
(some) more; even more; longer; further
fast; quick; early; soon; premature; too soon
to teach; to instruct; to tell; to inform; to preach
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
or rather (say); or better (say); or perhaps I should say; or, how should I put it; I mean
rumour; rumor; report; hearsay; gossip; common talk
ordinary; common; free of charge; free; unaffected; as is