if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to be affected; to be influenced; to be concerned with; to have to do with; to stick to (opinions)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
dangerous; risky; in danger; in jeopardy; uncertain; unreliable
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
wound; injury; chip; crack; flaw; defect
to be attached; to be connected with; to remain imprinted; to scar; to bear (fruit, interest, etc.); to be acquired (of a habit, ability, etc.); to increase (of strength, etc.)
compact disk; CD; cash dispenser; (negotiable) certificate of deposit
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
abrupt; sudden; unexpected
to associate with; to keep company with; to go out with; to go along with; to follow someone's lead; to accompany someone
seeming ...; appearing ...; -ish; like a ...; typical of ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to warp; to become strained; to become distorted; to become crooked
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
garden shrubs; trees; potted plant
to draw; to paint; to depict; to describe; to picture in one's mind; to imagine
portrait; likeness; sketch (of a face)
dangerous; risky; awful; terrible; terrific; amazing
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
single word; a few words; brief comment
extra; more; unnecessary; needless; all the more; even more
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
rumour; rumor; report; hearsay; gossip; common talk
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already