indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
suffix for familiar person
seat; location (of a gathering, etc.); place; position; post
preparation; arrangements; provision; getting ready; laying out (e.g. a meal)
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
certainly; without fail; right and wrong; pros and cons
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
wanted; wished for; in need of; I want (you) to
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
hooray; yay; whee; yowzer; whoopee; yes
most; highest; maximum; best; wonderful; finest
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
assembly hall; meeting place; venue; grounds
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to aim at (with a weapon, etc.); to be after (something or someone); to have an eye on; to aim for; to set up as a goal
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
(stage) appearance; performance; participation (e.g. in a tournament)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
declining; refusal; nonacceptance; turning down; withdrawal (e.g. of candidacy); pulling out (e.g. of a race)
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
wise; sensible; well-advised; intelligent; sagacious; prudent
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
there's no (other) way; cannot be helped; unavoidable; it's no use (doing); pointless; hopeless (person)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
something; something or other; so-and-so; somehow; anyhow; one way or another
one has no other choice but to do what one has to do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very