jpdb beta

indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question

12

indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis

8

at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for

6

if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question

2

indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)

4

be; is; did; (have) done; please; do

6

to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)

4

indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very

9

hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo

9

thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work

2

that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you

2

this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")

4

don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...

4

to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise

3

you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...

3

the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...

9

in that way; thus; so; so?

1

I; me

1

was; were

3

to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience

1

to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become

1

to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)

2

to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk

4

now; soon; already; yet; further; more

1

such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!

1

that; those; the

2

yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's

1

here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...

6

honorific/polite/humble prefix

1

to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember

2

if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so

1

now; the present time; just now; another; more

1

indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that

1

what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest

4

endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement

1

be; is

1

things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that

1

-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now

1

adds force or indicates command

1

that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?

2

to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need

1

place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point

1

after all; because; but; even; too; as well

1

this sort of; this kind of; like this; such

1

today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays

1

however; but

1

I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that

1

certainly; of course; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); without even; without so much as; at the (least, earliest, etc.)

1

where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent

7

bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly

1