indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
luggage; baggage; burden; payload (of a packet, cell, etc.)
to be too numerous; to be too much
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to take; to carry (something) away; to bear
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
to collect; to put (it all) together; to summarize; to aggregate; to bring to a conclusion; to finalize
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
wow!; oh!; yeah!; alright!; waah!; boohoo!
light (i.e. not heavy); feeling light (i.e. offering little resistance, moving easily); light (i.e. of foot); effortless; non-serious; minor; slight
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
honorific/polite/humble prefix
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
good fortune; happiness; blessing; good luck
field; plain; prairie; tundra; moor; wilderness
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
Metropolis (of Tokyo); (Tokyo) Metropolitan District; counter for cities and towns; capital
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to change; to swap; to change the object of one's interest or focus; to spend or take time; to infect; to permeate something with the smell or colour of something; to move on to the next or different stage of (a plan, etc.)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to begin to say; to start talking; to broach (a matter); to be the first to say; to suggest (doing); to propose
imperial capital (esp. Kyoto); final word of an iroha poem; 10^16; 10,000,000,000,000,000
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to become known; to come to light; to be known; to be understood; to clearly not amount to much; to be insignificant
in that way; thus; so; so?
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
by the way; incidentally; sometimes; occasionally; precisely (at that time); exactly
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward