what's the matter?; what's wrong?; what happened (to) ...?; what have you done (with) ...?; where is ...?
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
stairs; stairway; staircase
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to drag along; to pull; to force someone along; to prolong; to drag out; to influence strongly
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
to take someone (to some place); to take someone along; to lead someone away
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
(one's) older brother; lad; sonny
in that way; thus; so; so?
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
red; crimson; Red; communist; (arch.) beautiful
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
residence; estate; grounds; premises; mansion
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
name; given name; title; fame; renown; pretext
Franz; Franc; Francis; Frantz
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
whether or not (in phrases like "I don't know whether or not I can come")
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
author; writer; novelist; artist
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
among these; between these; of these; in here; in this
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
door (Western-style, car, etc.)
to open (a door, etc.); to unwrap (e.g. parcel, package); to open (for business, etc.); to empty; to remove; to move out; to clear out
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
strange; odd; peculiar; queer; curious