ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to hurry; to rush; to hasten; to make something happen sooner
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
sagacity; wisdom; intelligence
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
hah (derisively); pooh; pfft (of something disappearing); poof; huff; puff
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
another (person); the other person; one more (person)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
ruffian; villain; peculiar person; idiosyncratic person; tricky thing; something that is more than it seems
to search for; to look for; to hunt for; to search (a house, pocket, etc.); to search through; to rummage in (e.g. a drawer)
farewell; goodbye; adieu; if so; in that case; then
immediately; right away; at once; instantly
imperial capital (esp. Kyoto); final word of an iroha poem; 10^16; 10,000,000,000,000,000
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
adds force to a statement, decision or conclusion; indicates command; (strongly) emphasizes the previous word; adds focus; some- (e.g. something, someone)
first of all; at once; for now; for the time being; anyway; at least
to shelter (e.g. a fugitive); to harbour; to harbor; to hide; to give refuge to
early; right away; at once; early time; early stage (in one's life, etc.)
consequence; outcome; result; blame; fault
old; aged; long; since long ago; of the distant past; long-ago
left; left-hand side; left hand; the left (wing); leftist; fondness for alcohol
recollection; retrospection; reflection; reminiscence
(one's) inner voice; voice of one's heart; what one really thinks
already; yet; soon; shortly; further; more
(sound of) laughter; laughing voice
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
certain; one; (arch.) I; (arch.) me
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
troubled times; turbulent times
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
emperor; shogun; honored person (honoured); (another person's) wife
death; (an) out; death penalty (by strangulation or decapitation; most severe of the five ritsuryō punishments)
to be sad; to mourn for; to regret
than; rather than; instead of; from; out of; except
now; the present time; just now; another; more
which; where; all; both; anyway; anyhow