indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
sagacity; wisdom; intelligence
(one's) inner voice; voice of one's heart; what one really thinks
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
adds force or indicates command
emperor; shogun; honored person (honoured); (another person's) wife
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
than; from; out of; except; but; more
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
honorific/polite/humble prefix
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you; (arch.) prefix indicating familiarity or contempt
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
feudal lord; (arch.) mansion; (arch.) palace
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
certain; one; (arch.) I; (arch.) me
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
how; in what way; how about
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to arrive at; to reach; to sit on; to sit at (e.g. the table)
hair; fur; wool; down; plumage
imperial capital (esp. Kyoto); final word of an iroha poem; 10^16; 10,000,000,000,000,000
the whole world; the whole country; society; the public; supremacy over a nation; government of a country; having one's own way
advantage; benefit; profit; interest
recollection; retrospection; reflection; reminiscence